Money, Saving and Spending
Learn 20 B1 English words for money - income, budget, save up, get by, splash out, owe, debt - plus borrow vs lend and earn vs win.
Money produces two errors so common that examiners stop noticing them as individual mistakes and start hearing them as a level. The first is borrow and lend, which go in opposite directions. The second is win money, which in English means a lottery and nothing else – for work you earn it. Fix those two, add eighteen words for talking about what things actually cost, and this topic stops being dangerous. Then read about the four hundred pounds I did not want to accept.
20 words to learn
The 20 words
/ˈɪnkʌm/
All the money you receive, from any source.
Their income dropped by a third that year.
/ˈsæləri/
Money paid monthly for a professional job.
The salary was lower but the hours were human.
/weɪdʒ/
Money paid weekly or hourly, often for manual work.
The minimum wage went up in April.
/ˈbʌdʒɪt/
A plan for how much you can spend. Also a verb.
We worked out a budget on the back of an envelope.
/ɪkˈspensɪz/
Money you have to spend regularly. Usually plural.
Once you take off expenses there is not much left.
/ˌkɒst əv ˈlɪvɪŋ/
How much money you need for normal daily life.
The cost of living in that city is brutal.
/seɪv ˈʌp/
To keep money over time for a particular thing.
We saved up for eleven months.
/pʊt əˈsaɪd/
To keep money separately for later.
I put aside forty pounds every payday.
/ɡet ˈbaɪ/
To have just enough money to live, but no more.
We could get by, but only just.
/rʌn ˈaʊt əv/
To use all of something so that none is left.
We would run out of money by the 24th.
/splæʃ ˈaʊt/
To spend a lot of money on something enjoyable. Informal.
We splashed out on a proper mattress.
/peɪ ˈɒf/
To finish paying money that you owe.
It took four years to pay off.
/ˈbɒrəʊ/
To take money from somebody and give it back later.
I had to borrow from my sister.
/lend/
To give money to somebody who will return it. Past: lent.
She offered to lend me the deposit.
/əʊ/
To have to pay money back to somebody. Silent w.
I still owe him for the tickets.
/det/
Money you owe. The b is silent.
She got out of debt by being ruthless about it.
/ləʊn/
Money lent by a bank or a person, usually with interest.
A student loan is not the same as a debt to a shop.
/ˈɪntrəst/
Extra money you pay for borrowing, or earn for saving.
The interest was what made it frightening.
/brəʊk/
Having no money at all, temporarily. Informal.
I was completely broke until Thursday.
/wel ˈɒf/
Having plenty of money. More polite than rich.
They were well off without ever mentioning it.
Now read the story
Story · all 20 words
Four Hundred Pounds
In the second year after university I earned nine thousand pounds. Not as a joke, and not part-time – that was the year, all of it, from an office job I was extremely grateful to have.
It was a wage, paid weekly, rather than a salary – I did not know then that there was a difference, and there is. It was just above the minimum, and the cost of living in that city was not. I have a very specific memory of the arithmetic: rent went out on the 1st, the phone on the 3rd, and from about the 24th of each month I would reliably run out of money and eat whatever was in the cupboard from before.
I could get by. That is the honest word. Not struggling in any way that would have looked dramatic from outside – I was never cold and never genuinely hungry – but there was no version of that month with a spare fifty pounds in it.
I had a budget, in the sense that I had a piece of paper. Rent, bus fares and the phone were the only expenses written on it. It worked until anything at all happened.
What happened was a tooth.
It was an emergency appointment, then a second one, then a crown, and the total was four hundred and ten pounds. I had thirty-eight pounds and a credit card I had already decided I was never going to use, because the interest rate was somewhere near thirty per cent and I had watched a friend go quietly under with one of those the year before, several thousand pounds in debt before he told anybody.
So I sat on it for nine days with a temporary filling and a growing sense of doom, and told nobody, because I had been raised to believe that needing money was a moral failure rather than an arithmetic one.
My aunt found out from my mother, who found out because I cancelled a visit twice.
She rang and offered to lend me the money – a loan, although neither of us used that word at the time. I said no. She asked me, quite reasonably, what my plan was, and I did not have one, and she waited through a fairly long silence and then said the thing that changed it: “I am not giving it to you. I am not going to be nice about it. You will pay me back and I will remind you.”
That is why I was able to borrow it. If she had offered it as a gift I would have refused and lost the tooth.
I paid her twenty-five pounds a month for sixteen months. She never once reminded me, which I noticed. It took until the following autumn to pay off, and on the last transfer I wrote a message that was too long and slightly emotional and she replied with a single thumbs up.
What that year taught me is not that I should have worked harder. I was working. It taught me that the difference between managing and drowning is often about four hundred pounds, and that the people who never learn this are simply the people who have always had four hundred pounds.
I began to put aside money the following year – fifteen pounds a week, which was pointless in every way except that it was not. It took two years to build something I could actually call savings, and I have never since been in a position where a tooth could do that to me.
I am not well off now, but I am not broke either, and my income is roughly four times what it was in that flat. I still cannot bring myself to spend money on furniture.
I did splash out once, in 2022, on a bed that cost more than my aunt lent me, and I felt sick for a week and I sleep beautifully. She came to visit and I told her exactly what it cost, which is a thing I could not have done at twenty-three, and she said, “Good.”
I still owe her, in the way that has nothing to do with money, and she knows it, and she would be appalled to hear me say so. She would have to save up a great deal of patience to sit through this paragraph.
Money answers at A2 are almost always built from have and not have. Every row below replaces that with something an examiner can actually credit.
| I have no money at the moment. | I am broke. |
| They have a lot of money. | They are well off. |
| We have just enough to live. | We get by. |
| I keep money each month for later. | I put aside money each month. |
| I kept money for a year to buy it. | I saved up for a year. |
| We spent a lot on something nice. | We splashed out on it. |
| I finished paying what I owed. | I paid it off. |
| the money you need for normal life | the cost of living |
| the money that comes in every month | your income |
| We had no money left by the 24th. | We ran out of money by the 24th. |
Borrow and lend point in opposite directions. This is the error I correct most often in this topic. Think of the direction the money travels:
BORROW = money comes to you. You borrow from somebody.
LEND = money goes away from you. You lend to somebody.
✗ Can you borrow me ten pounds?
✓ Can you lend me ten pounds? or Can I borrow ten pounds from you?
A memory hook: the l in lend is the same l as in leave – the money leaves you.
You earn money; you do not win it. A great many languages use one verb for both, so the habit transfers straight across and is instantly audible:
✗ I win 2,000 a month. ✓ I earn 2,000 a month.
Win is only for competitions, lotteries and prizes: she won the lottery.
Gain is for things that are not money: gain experience, gain weight.
Money is uncountable. Never moneys or a money. Say some money, a lot of money, an amount of money. The word that is countable is a coin, a note, or the currency itself: five pounds.
Owe takes two objects, no preposition: I owe him fifty pounds. Not I owe to him.
Two silent letters that matter: debt is pronounced /det/ – the b is completely silent. And owe is /əʊ/, exactly like the letter O; the w says nothing.
Salary or wage? A salary is annual, paid monthly, usually for an office or professional job. A wage is hourly or weekly, often manual work. Both are money you earn; the general word is income, which also includes money from anything else.
Economic or economical? Economic means about the economy: economic growth. Economical means it does not waste money: an economical car.
Money coming in: income, salary, wage, interest.
Money going out: expenses, cost of living, budget, bills.
Saving: save up, put aside.
Struggling: get by, run out of, broke, debt, owe.
Borrowing: borrow from, lend to, loan, pay off.
Comfortable: well off, splash out.
The two that decide your grade: you borrow from and lend to; you earn a salary and only win a lottery.
Exam task: describe a time money was tight. Use get by, run out of and either borrow or lend – correctly.
Now practise with the questions below.
Check your understanding
Answer the questions below. You will see instantly if you are right.
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