EduCareer

B1 (Intermediate)Vocabulary

Word Building: Making Nouns

Learn how English builds nouns from verbs and adjectives - decision, improvement, happiness, ability, strength - plus the stress rule for -ion words.

This is the highest-value lesson in the series, because it does not teach you twenty words – it teaches you a machine that makes hundreds. If you know decide, you can reach decision. If you know strong, you can reach strength. Cambridge tests this directly in Reading and Use of English, where you are given one word and must produce another. Twenty word families, the seven main endings, and the stress rule that catches everybody out.

20 words to learn

The 20 words

decisionnoun

/dɪˈsɪʒn/

From decide. Make a decision – never do or take one.

It was not a decision. It was a drift.

explanationnoun

/ˌekspləˈneɪʃn/

From explain. Note the spelling change: explain → explan-.

Nobody offered any explanation at all.

permissionnoun

/pəˈmɪʃn/

From permit. Uncountable – never a permission.

We needed permission from the council.

discussionnoun

/dɪˈskʌʃn/

From discuss. Discuss takes no preposition: discuss it.

The discussion lasted two hours and settled nothing.

improvementnoun

/ɪmˈpruːvmənt/

From improve. The -MENT ending keeps the verb unchanged.

Any improvement would have been welcome.

developmentnoun

/dɪˈveləpmənt/

From develop. No double p, and no -e before -ment.

The development took nine years.

agreementnoun

/əˈɡriːmənt/

From agree. Reach an agreement.

There was no agreement in the room.

happinessnoun

/ˈhæpinəs/

From happy. -Y changes to -I before -NESS.

Nobody mentioned happiness. They mentioned money.

illnessnoun

/ˈɪlnəs/

From ill. The general word; a specific one is a disease.

A long illness changes a family.

weaknessnoun

/ˈwiːknəs/

From weak. Opposite: strength.

Admitting a weakness early is cheaper than hiding it.

abilitynoun

/əˈbɪləti/

From able. -LE becomes -ILITY.

She had the ability and not the title.

possibilitynoun

/ˌpɒsəˈbɪləti/

From possible. Same -ILITY pattern.

There was a possibility nobody had raised.

differencenoun

/ˈdɪfrəns/

From different. -ENT becomes -ENCE.

The difference was eleven thousand pounds.

importancenoun

/ɪmˈpɔːtns/

From important. -ANT becomes -ANCE.

Everybody agreed on its importance and nobody funded it.

researchernoun

/rɪˈsɜːtʃə(r)/

From research. -ER makes the person who does it.

One researcher had actually read the data.

scientistnoun

/ˈsaɪəntɪst/

From science. -IST makes the person, often a profession.

A scientist came and explained it in nine minutes.

friendshipnoun

/ˈfrendʃɪp/

From friend. -SHIP makes the state or relationship.

A friendship survived it, just about.

strengthnoun

/streŋθ/

From strong. Note the vowel change: o becomes e.

Its real strength was that people used it.

choicenoun

/tʃɔɪs/

From choose. Irregular – and note the spelling.

We had a choice and we pretended we did not.

beliefnoun

/bɪˈliːf/

From believe. The V becomes F. Plural: beliefs.

It was a belief rather than a plan.

Now read the story

Story · all 20 words

The Meeting About the Pool

I was a school governor for six years, which is unpaid, largely invisible, and consists almost entirely of meetings about money.

The swimming pool was built in 1972 and was the only pool within nine miles. It was small, cold, and heated by something in a shed that a man called Vic understood and nobody else did.

In my third year the plant failed properly, and the decision in front of us was whether to spend a hundred and forty thousand pounds we did not have, or close it.

The first discussion was the worst meeting I have ever sat in. Not angry – worse than angry. Everybody agreed on the importance of the pool, at length, warmly, and nobody would say the number out loud.

That is the thing about a room full of decent people. The difference between what we could raise and what we needed was about eighty thousand pounds, and for two hours we discussed everything except that.

There was no agreement and we adjourned.

What changed it was a parent called Dr Achebe, a scientist at the university, who asked at the second meeting whether anybody had actually counted who used the pool. Nobody had. We had a belief that it was heavily used, and a belief is not a number.

So she and another parent, a researcher in public health, spent three weeks counting. Every session, every week, by age.

The results were not what any of us expected. The swimming lessons were full – eleven schools used it, some travelling forty minutes. The public sessions in the evening were almost empty. Two of them had four people in them.

That single piece of work turned an argument about sentiment into a problem with a shape. The possibility nobody had raised was that we did not have to run the pool the way it had always been run.

We closed the evening sessions, kept every school session, and applied to two funds we had never heard of – a process that required permission from the county, an explanation of exactly what the money was for, and a form so long that Vic, who had kept that plant alive for thirty-one years, was interviewed about it in his own words.

We got about half. The rest came from a campaign that ran for fourteen months and which I still do not fully understand the success of.

The improvement that mattered was not the new boiler. It was that we finally had a proper record of who was using the building – which meant that four years later, when the same argument came round about the sports hall, the whole thing took one meeting.

That is the real development: not the thing you fix, but the habit you leave behind.

I want to be honest about my own weakness in that first meeting. I had the figures in front of me. I understood them perfectly well. And I said nothing for two hours because I did not want to be the person who said the pool should close, and I told myself that was tact.

It was not tact. It was cowardice with better manners, and Dr Achebe had the ability – and, more to the point, the willingness – to ask the plain question that I did not.

The strength of that governing body, in the end, was that it contained two people who counted things and one man who could keep a 1972 boiler running. Not one of the three ever chaired anything.

Vic retired in 2019 during a long illness and the school named the changing rooms after him, which he found embarrassing and which was correct.

Dr Achebe and I are still in touch. That friendship came entirely out of a bad meeting about a boiler, and it has outlasted my involvement with the school by four years.

I do not think we made a brave choice. We made an informed one, eventually, after somebody went and counted. Most of the good decisions I have watched being made were like that. The happiness people take from a place is real, but it is not evidence, and you cannot put it in a funding application.

Upgrade your English

Turning a verb or adjective into a noun is often what lets you write a shorter, more formal sentence. This is exactly what the Use of English paper tests.

We decided to close it. We made the decision to close it.
Nobody explained why. Nobody gave an explanation.
They did not agree. They reached no agreement.
Things got better. There was an improvement.
She is able to do it. She has the ability to do it.
It might be possible. There is a possibility.
It is different in three ways. There are three differences.
It is very important. It is of great importance.
He is strong. His strength is…
What she believes is… Her belief is…
Tutor tip

The seven endings that build most English nouns. Learn the pattern, not the word:

-TION / -SION from verbs: explain → explanation, decide → decision, permit → permission, discuss → discussion
-MENT from verbs, no spelling change: improve → improvement, develop → development, agree → agreement
-NESS from adjectives: happy → happiness, ill → illness, weak → weakness
-ITY from adjectives: able → ability, possible → possibility, safe → safety
-ENCE / -ANCE from -ENT / -ANT adjectives: different → difference, important → importance
-ER / -OR / -IST makes the person: research → researcher, translate → translator, science → scientist
-SHIP / -HOOD makes a state: friend → friendship, child → childhood

The stress rule for -ION words. This is the pronunciation error that gives learners away instantly. In every word ending -ion, the stress falls on the syllable immediately before the ending:

eduCAtion  ·  inforMAtion  ·  deCIsion  ·  discuSSION… more precisely: disCUSSion  ·  explaNAtion  ·  perMIssion

The same holds for -ity: abiLIty… again, more precisely: aBIlity, possiBIlity, uniVERsity. The stress moves when the ending is added, which is why able and ability sound so different.

Spelling changes to watch:

-Y becomes -I: happy → happiness, busy → business
-LE becomes -ILITY: able → ability, possible → possibility
-ENT becomes -ENCE: different → difference, silent → silence
V becomes F: believe → belief, prove → proof
Vowel change: strong → strength, long → length, wide → width
Irregular, just learn it: choose → choice, lose → loss, know → knowledge

Several of these are uncountable. No a, no plural: permission, knowledge, advice, happiness, importance, strength (when abstract). But a decision, an improvement, a possibility and a difference are all countable.

Collocations that go with them: you make a decision, reach an agreement, give an explanation, ask for permission, have the ability, and make a choice.

Quick recap

-TION/-SION: decision, explanation, permission, discussion.
-MENT: improvement, development, agreement.
-NESS: happiness, illness, weakness.
-ITY: ability, possibility.
-ENCE/-ANCE: difference, importance.
People: researcher, scientist.
States: friendship, strength.
Irregular: choice, belief.

The rule worth memorising: in any -ion or -ity word, the stress sits on the syllable immediately before the ending. This is why able and a-BI-lity sound unrelated.

Exam task: take these five verbs and adjectives – decide, improve, possible, strong, believe – and write one sentence using the noun form of each.

Now practise with the questions below.

Check your understanding

Answer the questions below. You will see instantly if you are right.

1.What is the noun from <strong>explain</strong>?
<em>Explanation</em> - note the spelling change from explain.
2.What is the noun from <strong>able</strong>?
-LE becomes -ILITY.
3.What is the noun from <strong>strong</strong>?
A vowel change: strong → strength. Same as long → length.
4.What is the noun from <strong>believe</strong>?
The V becomes F - like prove → proof.
5.What is the noun from <strong>different</strong>?
-ENT becomes -ENCE.
6.What is the noun from <strong>happy</strong>?
-Y becomes -I before -NESS.
7.Where is the stress in <strong>decision</strong>?
In -ion words the stress falls immediately before the ending.
8.Where is the stress in <strong>ability</strong>?
Same rule for -ity words.
9.Which sentence is correct?
Permission is uncountable.
10.Which sentence is correct?
You <em>make</em> a decision.
11.Which sentence is correct?
You <em>reach</em> an agreement.
12.Which ending makes the PERSON who does something?
researcher, translator, scientist.
13.What is the noun from <strong>choose</strong>?
Irregular: choose → choice.
14.Which of these is UNCOUNTABLE?
Knowledge has no plural and takes no <em>a</em>.
15.Which answer would score highest in a B1 writing task?
Three noun forms used accurately, with the right collocations.

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