Phrasal Verbs 2: Work, Study and Communication
Learn 20 B1 phrasal verbs for work and study - carry out, come up with, put forward, hand over, call off, get across - and their formal equivalents.
These are the phrasal verbs that appear in meetings, emails, lectures and exam instructions. They matter for a reason the last lesson did not cover: almost every one has a formal single-word twin. Carry out is conduct. Put forward is propose. Call off is cancel. Knowing both, and knowing which fits where, is a large part of what B1 writing is actually marked on. Twenty verbs, the register rule, then a handover that went badly.
20 words to learn
The 20 words
/brɪŋ ˈʌp/
To mention a subject. Separable.
Nobody wanted to bring it up.
/kʌm ˈʌp wɪð/
To think of an idea or plan. Three-part, never splits.
She came up with the only workable answer.
/pʊt ˈfɔːwəd/
To formally suggest an idea. Separable. Formal twin: propose.
I put forward a simpler version.
/ˌkæri ˈaʊt/
To do or perform a task or study. Formal twin: conduct.
They carried out a survey in March.
/ɡəʊ ˈəʊvə(r)/
To examine or check something carefully.
We go over the figures every Friday.
/rʌn ˈθruː/
To practise or review something quickly.
Let us run through it once before they arrive.
/drɔː ˈʌp/
To prepare a document or plan. Separable.
We drew up a timetable nobody followed.
/fɪl ˈɪn/
To complete a form. British. American: fill out.
Fill it in and hand it back.
/hænd ˈaʊt/
To give something to each person in a group.
She handed out the same sheet twice.
/hænd ˈəʊvə(r)/
To give responsibility or control to somebody else.
He handed over everything except the passwords.
/teɪk ˈəʊvə(r)/
To take control of something from somebody else.
I took over in the middle of a project.
/step ˈdaʊn/
To leave an important position. No object.
She stepped down after eleven years.
/kɔːl ˈɒf/
To cancel something planned. Separable.
They called the whole thing off on the Tuesday.
/ˈfɒləʊ ʌp/
To check or act on something after a first contact.
Nobody followed it up, so nothing happened.
/ɡet əˈkrɒs/
To make an idea understood by others.
The point never quite got across.
/sʌm ˈʌp/
To state the main points briefly. Formal twin: summarise.
To sum up, we were two months behind.
/spiːk ˈʌp/
To talk more loudly, or to say what you think.
Somebody should have spoken up in March.
/ɡet ˈbæk tə/
To contact somebody again later. Three-part.
I will get back to you by Thursday.
/lʊk ˈʌp/
To find information in a book or online. Separable.
Look it up before you ask.
/teɪk ˈdaʊn/
To write information as you hear it. Separable.
I took down the details on my hand.
Now read the story
Story · all 20 words
The Handover
Marguerite ran the department for eleven years and then decided, in the February, to step down at the end of the summer. She gave six months notice, which she did not have to do, and which turned out to matter enormously.
I was asked to take over. I had been there four years and was, on paper, the obvious person, and I said yes in the way you say yes to things at thirty-four – instantly, and without any real understanding of what had been agreed.
The handover was scheduled for six weeks. Marguerite offered to draw up a plan for it, printed, in a folder, which I have kept.
What she did in those weeks was not what I expected. I had imagined being told how things worked. Instead she spent most of it introducing me to people – the man in finance who could authorise things quickly if you asked him properly, the caretaker who knew which rooms actually had working sockets, the woman at the county office who would answer an email in an hour if it came from Marguerite and in three weeks if it came from anybody else.
None of that was written down anywhere. It could not be. That is the thing a good handover transfers, and it is the reason six months of notice is worth more than any document.
She also told me what she had got wrong, at some length, which I found uncomfortable and which was the most useful part.
Then she left, and in the October the funding decision came through and it was forty per cent less than we had planned for, and I discovered what taking over actually meant.
We had to call off the autumn programme. Six events, two of them already advertised. I had to ring people and explain, and I took down the same apology in slightly different words fourteen times, and I got better at it in a way I did not enjoy.
The mistake I made was in the meeting where we decided it. I had the figures. I had gone over them four times and I knew we could not carry the programme. And I explained it badly – I chose to bring up the problem too late in the agenda, when people were tired, and I let it sound like a decision that had already been made.
The point never got across. Two of my colleagues left that meeting believing the cuts were my preference rather than my arithmetic, and one of them still believes it, four years on.
What I should have done was put forward the numbers first, before any proposal at all, and let the room reach the conclusion on its own.
Priya, who had been there two years and said very little in meetings, was the one who eventually managed to come up with the way through. She suggested we carry out a proper survey of who was actually attending, rather than assuming – and it turned out that two of the six events were bringing in almost nobody, and one of them had been running since 2009 purely because nobody had ever asked.
She had to speak up twice before anyone listened to her, and I have thought about that a good deal since, because I was chairing.
We had to run through the new plan the following week, handed out one page rather than eleven, and it took forty minutes instead of three hours.
The administrative part I underestimated completely. There are forms in that job I still resent. You fill them in, you send them, and if you do not follow them up in nine days nothing whatsoever happens, and nobody tells you that.
Marguerite sent one email in that first year, in the November, when things were at their worst. It said: “You will not be able to do it the way I did it. Do not try.” I did not get back to her for a fortnight because I did not know what to say.
I have her folder in a drawer. I look things up in it perhaps twice a year, and most of what is useful in it is not the procedures. It is the list of names at the back.
To sum up five years in a sentence: the job was never the work. It was knowing who to ring.
Each of these replaces a longer explanation, and most have a formal twin you will need in writing. The right-hand column is the natural spoken form.
| She thought of the idea. | She came up with it. |
| I formally suggested a plan. | I put forward a plan. |
| They conducted a survey. | They carried out a survey. |
| We examined the figures carefully. | We went over the figures. |
| They cancelled the event. | They called it off. |
| He gave control to somebody else. | He handed over. |
| She left her senior position. | She stepped down. |
| The idea was not understood. | It did not get across. |
| I will contact you again later. | I will get back to you. |
| To summarise briefly… | To sum up… |
Every one of these has a formal twin. Choose by context, not by difficulty.
carry out → conduct · put forward → propose · call off → cancel
sum up → summarise · hand over → transfer · come up with → devise
go over → review · step down → resign · draw up → prepare
In a Cambridge writing task, an essay or report leans towards the single word; an email to a colleague, a review or an article leans towards the phrasal verb. Using the researchers carried out a study in an essay is perfectly acceptable – phrasal verbs are neutral, not slang. But we called the whole thing off in a formal report is too casual.
Separability, again – and it does not follow logic.
Separable: bring up, put forward, draw up, fill in, hand out, call off, follow up, look up, take down
✓ Look it up. ✗ Look up it.
Inseparable / three-part: come up with, get back to, get across, go over, run through, hand over, take over
✓ She came up with it. ✗ She came it up with.
No object: step down, speak up
Watch these near-identical pairs. A one-word difference changes the meaning completely:
look up = find information | look up to = admire (lesson 263)
hand out = distribute to everybody | hand over = give control to one person
take over = assume control | take on = employ, or accept extra work (lesson 272)
go over = examine | get over = recover from (lesson 264)
speak up = talk louder, or state your view | speak out = publicly oppose something
British and American: you fill in a form in Britain and fill out a form in America. Both are understood everywhere; Cambridge papers use fill in.
Ideas: bring up, come up with, put forward, get across, sum up, speak up.
Doing the work: carry out, go over, run through, draw up, fill in, hand out, take down, look up.
Responsibility: hand over, take over, step down.
Keeping things moving: call off, follow up, get back to.
The two rules: a pronoun goes in the middle of a separable verb (look it up), and every one of these has a formal twin for written work.
Exam task: describe a project or a task you were responsible for. Use carry out, come up with and one of call off or follow up. Then rewrite one sentence formally.
Now practise with the questions below.
Check your understanding
Answer the questions below. You will see instantly if you are right.
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