Relative Clauses (defining & non-defining)
Relative clauses add information about a noun using who, which, that, whose, where, when. At B1 you learn two kinds: defining (essential information, no commas) and non-defining (extra information, with…
Lessons
Past Modals: should have, must have, might have
Past modals talk about the past with an opinion or guess. At B1 the key ones are should have (criticism/regret), shouldn’t have (a past mistake), and might have / could…
Modals of Deduction: must, might, can’t
We use modal verbs to make deductions — guesses based on evidence. At B1 the key three are must (I’m sure it’s true), might/could/may (it’s possible), and can’t (I’m sure…
The Third Conditional
The Third Conditional talks about the past and imagines a different result — something that did not happen. We use it for regrets and hypothetical past situations.
Past Continuous vs Past Simple
At B1 you tell stories about the past by combining two tenses. Past Simple = a completed action. Past Continuous = an action in progress around a past moment. Together…
Present Perfect vs Past Simple
This is one of the most important contrasts at B1. Both tenses talk about the past, but they answer different questions. Past Simple talks about a finished time; Present Perfect…
Reported Speech
Tell what others said with the tense shifting one step back, plus say vs tell and reported questions with if/whether. B1 grammar with 20 questions.
The Passive Voice
Focus on the action with be + past participle across tenses, and name the doer with “by”. B1 grammar with 20 questions.
The Second Conditional (If I were…)
Talk about imaginary and unlikely situations with if + past simple, would + base verb — and give advice with “If I were you…”. B1 grammar with 20 questions.
The Past Perfect Tense
The “past before the past”: use had + past participle for the earlier of two past actions, with when, before and after. B1 grammar with 20 questions.