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B1 (Intermediate)Vocabulary

The Environment and Climate Change

Learn 20 B1 English words for the environment - emissions, carbon footprint, renewable, sustainable, landfill, drought, flood - plus affect vs effect.

This is the topic where B1 candidates most often produce a memorised speech, and examiners can hear it coming. The way out is specific vocabulary and a concrete example: emissions, carbon footprint, renewable, sustainable, landfill, single-use. The tutor tip fixes affect and effect, which sound almost identical and are different parts of speech, and explains why climate and weather are not interchangeable. Then: a pencil line on a kitchen wall.

20 words to learn

The 20 words

climate changenoun

/ˈklaɪmət tʃeɪndʒ/

Long-term change in the earth’s weather patterns.

Climate change is not a forecast any more.

global warmingnoun

/ˌɡləʊbl ˈwɔːmɪŋ/

The rise in the earth’s average temperature.

Global warming is one part of climate change.

emissionsnoun

/ɪˈmɪʃnz/

Gases released into the air. Usually plural.

Emissions fell for two years and then rose.

carbon footprintnoun

/ˌkɑːbən ˈfʊtprɪnt/

The total greenhouse gas one person or company causes.

Flying dominates most people’s carbon footprint.

fossil fuelsnoun

/ˈfɒsl fjuːəlz/

Coal, oil and gas, formed over millions of years.

We still burn fossil fuels for most of it.

renewableadjective

/rɪˈnjuːəbl/

From a source that will not run out – wind, sun, water.

Renewable energy is now the cheapest to build.

pollutionnoun

/pəˈluːʃn/

Harmful substances in air, water or soil. Uncountable.

Air pollution kills more people than road accidents.

sustainableadjective

/səˈsteɪnəbl/

Able to continue for a long time without damage.

Sustainable is a word that has been worn out.

wastenoun

/weɪst/

Material thrown away. Uncountable. Also a verb.

Food waste is the easiest thing to reduce.

litternoun

/ˈlɪtə(r)/

Rubbish dropped in a public place. Uncountable.

There was litter along the whole riverbank.

packagingnoun

/ˈpækɪdʒɪŋ/

The material used to wrap or protect goods.

The packaging weighed more than the item.

single-useadjective

/ˌsɪŋɡl ˈjuːs/

Designed to be used once and thrown away.

Single-use plastic was banned in 2023.

landfillnoun

/ˈlændfɪl/

A place where waste is buried in the ground.

Most of it still goes to landfill.

energy-efficientadjective

/ˌeənədʒi ɪˈfɪʃnt/

Using little energy to do the same job.

The new boiler is far more energy-efficient.

droughtnoun

/draʊt/

A long period with no rain. Pronounced “drowt”.

The drought that summer cracked the lawn open.

floodnoun

/flʌd/

A large amount of water covering land that is normally dry.

The flood reached the third stair.

heatwavenoun

/ˈhiːtweɪv/

A period of unusually hot weather.

The 2022 heatwave melted part of a runway.

extreme weathernoun

/ɪkˌstriːm ˈweðə(r)/

Unusually severe storms, heat, cold or rain.

Extreme weather is the part people actually notice.

impactnoun

/ˈɪmpækt/

A strong effect. An impact on something.

The impact on insurance was immediate.

tackleverb

/ˈtækl/

To make a determined effort to deal with a problem.

You cannot tackle it one household at a time.

Now read the story

Story · all 20 words

The Line on the Kitchen Wall

There is a pencil line on the kitchen wall of my parents’ house, about eleven inches above the skirting board, with July 2007 written next to it in my father’s handwriting.

There is a second line four inches above it. That one says Feb 2020.

The village is not on a river. That is the part people find hard to believe. It is on a slight slope about a mile from a stream that is two feet wide in August and which you would not notice if you were not looking for it.

In 2007 the water came up through the drains and across the road from a field, and it was in the house for four hours and in the walls for eleven months. My parents lived in a caravan on the drive from September to the following July. The insurance paid, eventually, after a fight.

What I remember most is not the water. It is the smell in October, and my mother crying about a photograph album, which was the only time in my life I have seen her do that.

Everybody said it was a once-in-a-century flood.

It happened again thirteen years later.

I am careful about what I claim from this, because one house is not evidence of anything and I know that. Two floods in thirteen years in one village proves nothing about climate change on its own. The people who study this say the pattern across thousands of places is what matters, and the pattern is that extreme weather of this kind is arriving more often. The same village had a standpipe in the road during the drought of 1976, and the heatwave of 2022 killed both my mother’s apple trees. No one of those three things means anything on its own.

But something did change in that village between the two, and it was not only the rainfall.

Between 2007 and 2020 they built ninety-one houses on the field the water came across, and the field is now driveways and roofs, and water does not soak into a driveway. Nobody in that planning process was thinking about global warming. They were thinking about a housing target.

That is the thing I did not understand until it happened twice: the impact is almost never one cause. It is heavier rain landing on ground that has been made harder, in a place where the drains were sized in 1961.

My father is seventy-nine and he is not an environmentalist in any sense he would accept. He has never been on a march. He calls the whole subject “all that”.

He also, since 2020, has solar panels, a heat pump he complains about constantly and defends furiously if a neighbour criticises it, and a house that is now genuinely energy-efficient because the rebuild made it possible to insulate properly. His electricity comes from a renewable tariff he switched to because it was ninety pounds a year cheaper, not because of emissions. He complains bitterly about the pollution from the A-road and does not connect that to any of this either.

His carbon footprint is a fraction of what it was in 2006 and he would be irritated to be told so.

I think about that a great deal, because the public conversation is mostly about whether people believe the science, and my father is proof that this may not be the important question. He has never once said the words fossil fuels in my hearing. He has, nevertheless, stopped burning them.

The village did not get flood defences. It got a report.

What it did get was a group of eleven residents who now clear the drains themselves every autumn, which is not how any of this is supposed to work, which is in no sense sustainable, and which is currently the only thing standing between forty houses and a third pencil line.

I do not think you can tackle this at the level of a kitchen. I recycle, I have not flown since 2019, our waste goes in the right bins and rather less of it reaches landfill than it did, and I am under no illusion that this is what will decide it. Household packaging and single-use plastic and litter on the riverbank are the visible part, and the visible part is not the same as the large part.

The large part is what heats buildings and what moves lorries and what is built on which field.

But my parents are still in that house, at seventy-nine and eighty-one, and there is room on that wall for another line, and everybody in the village knows exactly where it would go.

Upgrade your English

This is the topic where memorised phrases are most obvious. Specific nouns are what stop an answer sounding rehearsed.

gases going into the air emissions
the amount of pollution one person causes their carbon footprint
coal, oil and gas fossil fuels
energy that will not run out renewable energy
It can continue without damaging things. It is sustainable.
a place where rubbish is buried landfill
used once and thrown away single-use
It uses very little electricity. It is energy-efficient.
very bad storms, heat or rain extreme weather
We must deal with this problem seriously. We must tackle it.
Tutor tip

Affect and effect. They sound almost the same and they are different parts of speech. This appears in every Cambridge writing paper on this topic:

AFFECT is the verb: Pollution affects our health.
EFFECT is the noun: Pollution has an effect on our health.

It effects our health.   ✗ It has an affect on our health.

Memory hook: Affect is an Action; Effect is the End result. And note both effect and impact take on: an effect on the river, an impact on prices.

Climate is not weather. Weather is what happens today or this week – rain, sun, wind. Climate is the normal pattern in a place over decades. So a cold week is weather; a warmer average over thirty years is climate. Both are uncountable: never a weather, never weathers.

The weather was very bad weathers.The weather was very bad.

Pollution, litter, waste, rubbish and traffic are all uncountable. This produces error after error:

a pollution, many pollutionsa lot of pollution
a litter, littersa lot of litter, a piece of litter
the rubbishesthe rubbish

Rubbish is British. Americans say trash or garbage. In a Cambridge paper you will see rubbish, and litter specifically means rubbish dropped outdoors in a public place.

You cause pollution – you do not make it. The verbs are cause, produce and create: cars cause pollution. The verb form is pollute: factories pollute the river.

The environment takes the: damage to the environment, never damage to environment.

Pronunciation: drought rhymes with out, not with thought. And climate is CLY-mut, two syllables.

Quick recap

The problem: climate change, global warming, emissions, carbon footprint, fossil fuels, pollution.
What it looks like: drought, flood, heatwave, extreme weather, impact.
Rubbish: waste, litter, packaging, single-use, landfill.
Solutions: renewable, sustainable, energy-efficient, tackle.

The rules: pollution affects us (verb) and has an effect on us (noun). Weather is today; climate is decades. Pollution, litter, waste and rubbish have no plural.

Exam task: describe one environmental change you have seen where you live. Give a concrete example rather than a general statement, and use impact on and one -able adjective.

Now practise with the questions below.

Check your understanding

Answer the questions below. You will see instantly if you are right.

1.Which sentence is correct?
<em>Affect</em> is the verb.
2.Which sentence is correct?
<em>Effect</em> is the noun, and it takes <em>on</em>.
3.Which sentence is correct?
Pollution is uncountable.
4.Which sentence is correct?
You <em>cause</em>, <em>produce</em> or <em>create</em> pollution - never <em>make</em> it.
5.What is the difference between weather and climate?
A cold week is weather. A warmer thirty-year average is climate.
6.Which sentence is correct?
Weather is uncountable and singular.
7.Which sentence is correct?
Litter is uncountable.
8.Energy from a source that will not run out is ___.
Renewable - wind, sun and water.
9.A place where waste is buried in the ground is ___.
Landfill.
10.Coal, oil and gas are called ___.
Fossil fuels.
11.A long period with no rain is a ___.
A drought - and it rhymes with <em>out</em>.
12.How is <strong>drought</strong> pronounced?
It rhymes with <em>out</em>.
13.To make a determined effort to deal with a problem is to ___ it.
Tackle.
14.Which sentence is correct?
<em>The environment</em> always takes the article.
15.Which answer would score highest in a B1 speaking exam?
A concrete example beats a general statement every time - plus correct <em>impact on</em>.

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