Rules, Law and Crime
Learn 20 B1 English words for law and crime - commit, offence, witness, arrest, trial, guilty, sentence, get away with - plus steal vs rob.
Crime stories are everywhere in Cambridge reading papers, and they use a fixed set of words in a fixed order: somebody commits an offence, the police arrest and charge a suspect, there is a trial, a jury decides guilty or innocent, and a judge passes sentence. Learn that sequence and half the comprehension is done before you start. The tutor tip fixes steal and rob, which take completely different objects. Then: ten days I spent on a jury.
20 words to learn
The 20 words
/kraɪm/
An illegal act. Countable: a crime, crimes.
It was not a serious crime and it ruined two lives.
/ˈkrɪmɪnl/
A person who commits crimes. Also an adjective.
He did not look like a criminal. Nobody does.
/kəˈmɪt/
To do something illegal. Commit a crime – never do one.
You cannot commit a crime by accident.
/əˈfens/
A crime, especially a less serious one. American: offense.
It was his second offence in a year.
/ˌbreɪk ðə ˈlɔː/
To do something illegal.
Most people break the law slightly every week.
/ˈvɪktɪm/
The person harmed by a crime or accident.
The victim was seventy-one.
/ˈwɪtnəs/
Somebody who saw what happened. Also a verb.
There was one witness and she was certain.
/ˈsʌspekt/
Somebody the police think may be guilty. Verb: sus-PECT.
He was a suspect for eleven weeks.
/əˈrest/
To take somebody to a police station because of a crime.
They arrest people at six in the morning.
/tʃɑːdʒ/
To formally accuse somebody. Charge somebody with.
He was charged with dangerous driving.
/ˈtraɪəl/
The legal process where a court decides guilt.
The trial lasted nine days.
/kɔːt/
The place where legal cases are decided.
I had never been inside a court.
/ˈdʒʊəri/
Twelve ordinary people who decide guilt in a serious case.
A jury is twelve strangers and a kettle.
/ˈɡɪlti/
Having done the crime. Guilty of something.
We found him guilty on one count and not the other.
/ˈɪnəsnt/
Not guilty; having done nothing wrong.
You start from the assumption that he is innocent.
/ˈsentəns/
The punishment a court gives. Also: a group of words.
The sentence was eighteen months, suspended.
/faɪn/
Money you must pay as a punishment.
A four-hundred-pound fine and six points.
/bæn/
To officially forbid something. Banned from.
He was banned from driving for two years.
/strɪkt/
Demanding that rules are obeyed exactly.
The rules on that are extremely strict.
/ɡet əˈweɪ wɪð/
To do something wrong and not be punished for it.
Most people get away with most things.
Now read the story
Story · all 20 words
Ten Days on a Jury
The letter arrives and your first feeling is irritation, and your second is a small guilty excitement, and then you spend a fortnight trying to get out of it.
I did jury service in 2018. Ten working days at a Crown Court in a building with terrible coffee and a car park that cost more than lunch.
What nobody tells you is how much of it is waiting. You sit in a room with forty strangers for two days before anybody calls your name. People do jigsaws. There is a television nobody watches.
The trial I was on lasted six days. The rules on what a juror may say about it afterwards are extremely strict, so I will say only that it involved a serious road offence, that the defendant was twenty-four, and that the victim was in the room every day with her sister.
The thing that changed how I think was not the verdict. It was watching the machinery.
You are told, on the first morning, in plain language, that the defendant is innocent until the prosecution proves otherwise, and that if you are not sure you must say not guilty. Everybody nods. Everybody has heard this on television.
Then you sit with it for six days and you discover it is an extremely uncomfortable instruction, because human beings do not naturally think that way. We arrive with a story already assembled. I had one by the end of the first afternoon and I had to keep taking it apart.
There was one witness whose account was completely certain and, by the third day, demonstrably wrong about the weather, the time and the direction of travel. She was not lying. She was a decent woman who genuinely believed every word, and watching that happen in front of me was the single most useful thing I have ever seen.
I had assumed, before that fortnight, that the police arrest a suspect and charge him when they are fairly sure. What I had not understood is how much space there is between fairly sure and certain, and that the whole apparatus exists to live in that space.
We were out for four and a half hours. There were two counts. On the first, eleven of us agreed within twenty minutes. On the second, we went round the table for three hours and finished ten to two, and we were told that was enough, and I have thought about those two people since.
One of them, a man in his sixties who had barely spoken all week, said something at about half past three that I have never forgotten: “I think he probably did it. I do not think they have shown me that he did it.”
That is the entire system in one sentence and he had worked it out on his own in a room with a broken radiator.
The judge passed sentence the following week and we were not there. I looked it up. Custodial, suspended, plus a fine and a two-year ban from driving.
The defendant was not a criminal in the way I had imagined that word before I went in. He was twenty-four, and the crime was one appalling piece of stupidity in a five-second window on a Tuesday, which he had unquestionably committed. Both those things are true at once and I had not previously understood that they could be.
And the victim was still going to have the injuries afterwards whatever twelve strangers decided, which nobody says out loud in that building because there is nothing useful to say.
I came out of it with far more respect for the process and far less faith in witnesses, including myself.
Most people break the law in small ways constantly – I drove home from the court at thirty-six miles an hour in a thirty – and most of us get away with it every single time, and the difference between us and him is not character. It is five seconds and who else was on the road.
I would do it again. I would not volunteer, but I would do it again.
The whole legal sequence in one table – and each right-hand item replaces a vague description on the left.
| He did a crime. | He committed a crime. |
| a less serious crime | an offence |
| the person the crime happened to | the victim |
| somebody who saw it happen | a witness |
| the person the police think did it | the suspect |
| The police formally accused him of it. | He was charged with it. |
| the process where a court decides | the trial |
| the punishment the court gave | the sentence |
| They said he could not drive for two years. | He was banned from driving. |
| He did it and was never punished. | He got away with it. |
Steal and rob take different objects. This is the classic error in the topic, and the rule is simple once you see it:
You steal a thing. Somebody stole my bicycle.
You rob a person or a place. They robbed the bank. / I was robbed.
✗ They stole the bank. ✗ They robbed my bicycle. ✗ I was stolen.
The nouns follow the same split: theft is of a thing, robbery is of a place or person, and burglary is specifically entering a building to steal.
You commit a crime – never do or make one. The fixed collocations are commit a crime, commit an offence, commit murder, commit fraud.
Prison takes no article when you mean serving a sentence there – the same rule as hospital in lesson 268:
He went to prison for two years. (as a prisoner)
She is in prison. (as a prisoner)
I went to the prison to visit him. (as a visitor – so the article returns)
The same pattern applies to go to school, go to church and go to court.
Sentence has two meanings and you know both: a group of words, and a punishment given by a court. Note that a judge passes a sentence, and a person serves one.
Fine also has two. As a noun it is money you pay as a punishment; as an adjective it means acceptable or in good health. I paid the fine and I am fine.
Prepositions to memorise: charged with an offence, guilty of a crime, banned from doing something, and accused of.
Spelling: British English writes offence, defence and licence (noun). American English uses -se for all three.
The act: crime, offence, commit, break the law, criminal, get away with.
The people: victim, witness, suspect, jury.
The process: arrest, charge, trial, court.
The outcome: guilty, innocent, sentence, fine, ban.
Rules: strict.
The traps: steal a thing, rob a place. Commit a crime, never do one. To prison as a prisoner, to the prison as a visitor.
Exam task: describe a rule you think is too strict, and one you think should be stricter. Use ban and fine once each.
Now practise with the questions below.
Check your understanding
Answer the questions below. You will see instantly if you are right.
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